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EMA总结2024年度GCP检查,分享缺陷实例
发布时间: 2026-03-11     来源: 识林

近日,EMA发布了《药物临床试验质量管理规范(GCP)检查员工作组(IWG)2024年度报告》,该报告涵盖67次检查(52次常规、15次有因检查),涉及临床研究者(62.7%)、申办者(26.9%)和合同研究组织(CRO)(7.5%)等参与方,主要分布在亚洲(32.8%)、北美(25.4%)和欧盟/欧洲经济区(22.4%)。

检查发现335项主要或严重缺陷,涉及通用问题(137项)、试验管理(86项)、研究现场(37项)等。通用问题缺陷集中于关键文件(41项)、源文件(38项)、标准操作规程(22项);试验管理缺陷以监测(35项)和数据管理(27项)为主;研究现场缺陷多与方案依从性(共28项)相关。


报告中列出了在“通用”、“试验管理”和“研究现场”三个主要类别的子类别中常见的严重和主要缺陷示例:

通用(General)缺陷

合同/协议(Contracts/agreements):

  • 合同/协议中缺乏明确的GCP合规条款(Lack of explicit GCP compliance clauses in contracts/agreements)

  • 对试验文件的直接访问权限不足(Insufficient direct access to trial documentation)

  • 第三方/供应商资质认定与监督记录不充分(Inadequate documentation of third party/vendor qualification and oversight)

  • 合同/协议未正式签署或延迟(Missing or delayed formalisation of contracts/agreements)

  • 申办者与临床研究者的合同/协议未明确文件保存与归档要求(Retention and archiving requirements not established in contracts/agreements between sponsors and clinical investigators)

必备文件和数据直接访问(Essential documents and direct access to data):

  • 监查员和检查员无法在试验现场访问包含关键文件/数据的试验相关电子系统(Lack of access at the trial site to trial-relevant electronic systems containing essential documents/data for monitors and inspectors)

  • 试验主文件/研究者场地文件问题,包括文件不完整或维护不善(Trial Master File/Investigator Site File issues including incomplete or poorly maintained files)

  • 版本控制和文件管理缺失:工作表、知情同意书缺少版本控制;方案与研究者手册内容不一致;试验主文件(TMF)质量控制流程缺乏正式文件记录(Lack of version control and document management: missing version control of worksheets, informed consent forms, inconsistencies between protocol and investigator brochure; no formally documented process for TMF quality control)

  • 复印件认证和质量不足:未建立复印件认证流程;源数据验证/审查仅基于未经认证的电子病历副本(Inadequate certification and quality of copies: Process for certification of copies not established; source data verification/review only based on review of uncertified copies of electronic medical records)

  • 临床试验机构的检查就绪度不足(Lack of inspection readiness at clinical sites)

设施和设备(Facilities and equipment):

  • 存档和存储设施不足(Inadequate archiving and storage facilities)

  • 设备验证、维护与文件记录缺陷:缺少设备校准、诊断设备无规范文件记录、设备维护证书缺失(Equipment qualification, maintenance, and documentation deficiencies: Lack of equipment calibration, diagnostic equipment lacking proper documentation, equipment maintenance certificates not available)

  • 对设施是否适合试验程序缺乏评估或评估不足(Lack of or insufficient assessment of the suitability of facilities for trial procedures)

  • 缺乏生物样本临时存储位置及存储条件的文件记录(Lack of documentation on temporary storage location and the conditions of storage of biological samples)

组织和人员(Organisation and personnel):

  • 试验相关任务授权缺陷(Deficiencies in delegation of trial related tasks):

  • 在委托期限外执行任务(Tasks performed outside of the delegation period)

  • 记录的任务委托与实际执行活动之间存在差异(Discrepancies between documented delegation of trial related tasks and actual activities performed)

  • 申办者/CRO提供的委托日志模板不完善(Inadequate delegation log template provided by the sponsor/CRO)

资质/培训(Qualification/training):

  • 缺失或不完整的培训文件(如资质证明、培训记录、GCP培训证书等),无法证明研究中心人员接受了GCP及试验相关文件的培训(Missing or incomplete training documentation (e.g. qualifications, training records, GCP training certificates, etc.) evidencing site personnel training in GCP and trial relevant documents)

  • 现场人员培训延迟或时机不对(如在试验启动或方案实施后才完成培训)(Delayed or untimely training of site personnel (training completed after site activation, training completed after protocol implementation) )

随机化/盲法/代码IMP(Randomisation/blinding/codes IMP):

  • 盲法相关文件不完整或缺失,和/或随机化/盲法变更的沟通不当(Inadequate or missing blinding-related documentation and/or inappropriate communication of changes to randomisation/blinding)

标准操作程序(SOP):

  • 关键试验流程及试验文件的SOP缺失或延迟制定(Missing or delayed SOPs for critical trial processes and trial documents)

  • SOP内容不完整或不充分(Incomplete or inadequate SOP content)

  • 缺乏版本控制与变更管理(Lack of version control and change management)

  • 关键试验相关流程对应的SOP的选择、复核及批准流程存在缺陷(Deficient process to select, review, and approve SOPs for critical trial related processes)

  • SOP未与法规要求和规范保持一致(SOPs not aligned with regulatory requirements and practices)

源文件(Source documentation):

  • 源数据不完整、不准确或未同步记录(Incomplete, inaccurate, or non-contemporaneous source data)

  • 源数据与病例报告表之间存在差异(Discrepancies between source data and case report forms)

  • 关键试验流程记录不充分(Inadequate documentation of key trial processes)

  • 样本处理和临床操作记录不足(Inadequate documentation of sample handling and clinical procedures)

试验管理(Trial management)缺陷

审计(Audit):

  • 审计SOP和流程的缺失或延迟制定(Absence or delay of Audit SOPs and processes)

  • 审计记录与监督不充分(Inadequate documentation and oversight of audits)

  • 常规质量保证活动执行存在缺陷(Deficiencies in the performance of routine quality assurance activities):

  • 未对代表申办者开展业务的合作伙伴/供应商进行审计(No audits conducted of partners/vendors engaged in activities on behalf of the sponsor)

  • 未对申办者的任何流程/活动进行审计(No audits conducted of any sponsor processes/activities)

  • 未对研究者现场进行审计(No audits conducted of investigator sites)

临床试验报告(CSR):

  • CSR质量控制存在缺陷(Deficient quality control of the CSR)

  • CSR中对方案偏离和关键数据的报告不完整或不准确(Incomplete or inaccurate reporting of protocol deviations and key data in the CSR)

  • 数据纳入和分析的延迟与缺陷:数据清洗不足,原因是主要分析后才检测到数据变更(Delays and gaps in data inclusion and analysis: Insufficient data cleaning resulting in data changes detected only after primary analysis)

数据管理(Data Management):

  • 缺乏数据管理计划、程序与监督(Lack of data management plans, procedures, and oversight)

  • 数据迁移与系统验证不充分(Inadequate data migration and system validation)

  • 数据录入、清洗和锁定的延迟与缺陷(Delays and gaps in data entry, cleaning, and freezing)

  • 数据处理的记录与可追溯性不足:使用Excel收集敏感数据;方案偏离的识别与报告流程不完善(Inadequate documentation and traceability of data handling: Use of excel for sensitive data collection; insufficient process for identifying and reporting protocol deviations)

  • 数据集与分析结果的版本控制及时间戳不充分(Inadequate version control and date-time stamping of data sets and analysis outcomes)

  • 数据安全性不足:伪匿名化和揭盲数据未采用密码保护或加密传输(Inadequate data security: Pseudonymised and unblinded data sent without password protection or encryption)

文件控制(Document control):

  • 缺乏正式的文件审核与控制流程(Lack of formal processes for document review and control)

  • 临床试验关键决策文件记录不完整或不一致(Incomplete or inconsistent documentation of key decisions in the clinical trial)

监查(Monitoring):

  • 监查拜访与相关文件记录不充分或延迟(Inadequate or delayed monitoring visits and documentation)

  • 监查工作未基于适当的监查计划(Monitoring not based on an appropriate monitoring plan)

  • 问题发现与上报机制不足:严重不良事件(SAE)报告延迟、研究场地文件(ISF)文件缺失、方案偏离、实验室数值遗漏等问题未被及时发现(Inadequate detection and escalation of issues: delays in SAE reporting, missing ISF documents, protocol deviations, missing laboratory values not detected)

  • 监查员对源数据的访问权限不足:临床监查员(CRA)无法直接访问电子健康档案(EHR)/电子病历(EMR),限制了其执行监查任务的能力;并非所有可用源数据均可被监查(Insufficient access to source data for monitors: CRAs did not have direct access to EHRs/EMRs, limiting their ability to perform monitoring tasks; not all available source data used for monitoring.)

方案/病例报告表(CRF)/日记/问卷设计(Protocol/ CRF/ diary/ questionnaire design):

  • 方案及相关文件的错误与歧义:编辑错误、表格标题误导、方案中未规定非计划访视的说明(Errors and ambiguities in protocol and associated documents: editorial errors, misleading table titles, no instructions in the protocol for unscheduled visits)

  • 方案修订的文件记录存在延迟与缺陷(Delays and gaps in documenting protocol amendments)

  • 病例报告表与日记的设计与实施不完善(Inadequate design and implementation of CRFs and diaries)

  • 入选排除标准及患者数据的记录不完整或前后不一致(Incomplete or inconsistent documentation of inclusion and exclusion criteria and patient data)

统计分析(Statistical Analysis):

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